The working principle of a forklift is to provide driving force through the power system, drive the wheels via the transmission system, and control the lifting and tilting of the forks through the hydraulic system, thereby achieving loading and unloading, stacking, and short-distance transportation of goods.
Power and Transmission System
Power Source: The forklift's power mainly comes from an internal combustion engine (diesel/gasoline) or an electric motor (battery). The former generates power by burning fuel, while the latter converts chemical energy into electrical energy to drive the motor.
Transmission System: The power is transmitted to the drive wheels, enabling the forklift to move forward, backward, and steer.
Hydraulic and Lifting System
Core Role of the Hydraulic System: The hydraulic system is key to controlling the fork's movements. It converts the engine or motor's power into hydraulic energy through a hydraulic pump and transmits it to the hydraulic cylinder via hydraulic oil.
Fork Lifting Principle: When operating the lift handle, the hydraulic oil pushes the piston in the hydraulic cylinder, causing the forks to rise or descend. To improve lifting height and stability, most forklifts use a roller chain pulley system: the hydraulic piston pushes the mast (carriage) upward, the gears on the mast press against the roller chain, thus pulling the forks upward, which is more efficient and safer than using only hydraulic cylinders.
Fork Tilt Control: Independent tilt hydraulic cylinders control the forward and backward tilt of the forks to ensure the stability of the goods during handling.
Operation and Balance Design
Operating Devices: The operator controls the driving direction with the steering wheel, adjusts speed with pedals, and controls the lifting, tilting, and forward/backward movement of the forks using the lever (multifunction valve handle).
Balance and Safety: Counterweights are installed at the rear of the forklift to prevent tipping forward when loaded. Safe operation requires ensuring the stability of the load's center of gravity, avoiding overloading, and regularly maintaining key components such as the hydraulic system.
